Avian Medical Terms (Avian Health & Diseases) by Jeannine Miesle

Main Article: Avian Medical Terms / Health & Diseases by Jeannine Miesle, MA, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians

Terms: Directional Terms… Regions of the body … Prefixes & Suffices … Muscle Movement … Number Values … Abbreviations … Organizations  … Commonly Used Medical Terms

Relevant Images: Relevant Avian Anatomy Image Gallery (NOTE: Some of the images / illustrations on this and linked pages may be too graphic for young audiences. We recommend parental supervision and approval.)

• Skeletal System … Feathers & Skin  …  Cloaca and Bursa of Fabricus … Muscles and Tendons, Feather Piloerection … Avian / Bird Anatomy  (Wing / Head / Respiratory / Circulatory / Digestive / Skeletal / Muscular / Reproduction / Scales)
• Bird Head & Beak  … Bird Eye / Ear Anatomy / Sensory Perception … Bird Brain & Nervous System
• Respiratory System  … Bird Reproductive Organs … Bird Digestive System  … Circulatory System – Blood & Heart … Glands … Liver & Kidneys and Surgical Instruments
• Cells, Genetics & DNA … Wound Healing

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Directional terms

Aborad: away from mouth of organ

Anterior: toward the front, in front of another body part, towards the head; part closest to the head.

Bilateral: both sides

Caudal: toward back end, tail or rear, opposite of cranial, back of an organ

Cephalic: head area Contralateral: located or acting in conjunction with similar parts on opposite side of body

Cranial/Anterior: toward north wall or head

Deep: away from surface, internal

Distal: far from point of attachment, as a bone; farthest away from center of body or organ; point of origin or attachment, as a limb or bone

Dorsal: toward ceiling or back of body Inferior: lowermost, below or toward Ipsilateral/contralateral: situated on the same side/opposite side of the body

Lateral: away from midline of body or body part

Medial: toward midline of body or body part

Orad: toward the mouth

Posterior/posteriad: toward the rear of body or body part

Proximal: nearest the midline or beginning of a structure; closest to the center of the body or organ, or toward the point of origin or attachment, as a limb or bone; nearer to the point of reference

Rostral, toward the front of the head or organ

Rostral-caudal; x-ray taken from below the beak

Superficial: near the surface

Superior/external: near the surface

Ventral: toward floor or belly

Ventral-dorsal: bird on back / Dorsal-ventral: bird on breast

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Regions of the body

Carpal: the wrist area

Crown: area behind the forehead to the occipital region

Crural: the leg area, as in crural feathering

Dorsum: the back or entire dorsal surface of the body

Flank/Side: lateral area posterior to side of body; extends back to the base of the tail

Forehead/frontal region: area above the cere to the crown

Inguinal: lowest lateral regions of the abdomen

Jugal area: cheek area

Jugulum: ventral, midline region of throat

Nape/upper hindneck/nuchal region: dorsal surface of the neck, from the base of the skull to the thoracic vertebrae.

Occipital: the area where the spinal column meets the base of the skull at the nape

Occiput: hindhead; back portion of bird’s crown; elongated feathers

Orbital: the eye sockets

Pilium: entire top of the head, the forehead, crown and occipital regions

Pectoral: the ventral chest and breast regions between the sternum and the shoulder

Prolateral: side area by neck; projecting from or on the side facing forward

Proventer region: above vent

Sacral: the region between the crests of the pelvis; the fused bones of the synsacrum

Rump/ uropygial area/lower back: the region that overlies the pelvic bones, between the flanks and above the tail

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Combining Forms for Organs

Skeletal system:

• Bones: osteo, osse, ossi
• Joints: arthro
• Cartilage: chondro
• Bone Marrow: myelo

Muscular System

• Muscles: myo
• Fascia: fasci, fascio
• Tendons: teno, tendo, tenino

Cardiovascular system

• Heart: cardio
• Arteries: arterio
• Vein: veno, phlebo
• Blood: hemo, hemato

Lymphatic & Immune Systems

• Lymph Vessels, fluid, nodes: lympho
• Tonsils: tonsillo
• Spleen: spleno
• Thymus: thymo

Respiratory System

• Nose/nares: naso, rhino
• Pharynx: pharyngo
• Trachea: tracho
• Larynx: laryngo
• Lungs: pneumo,pneumono

Digestive System:

• Mandible: gnatho
• Mouth: oro, stomato
• Esophagus: esophago
• Stomach: gastro
• Small intestine: entero
• Large intestine: colo, colono
• Liver: heap, hepato
• Pancreas: pancreato

Urinary system

• Kidneys: hema, reno, nephro
• Ureters: ureto
• Urinary bladder: cysto
• Urethra: urethra
• Urine: urino, uro

Nervous System/Senses

• Nerves: neuro, neuri
• Brain: encephalo
• Spinal cord: myelo
• Eyes: opthalmo, oculo, opto, opti
• Sight: optico
• Ears: otic, oto, auri, auro, audito, audi
• External Ear/sound: acousto, acouso

Integumentary System

• Skin: dermato, dermo, cutaneo

Endocrine system

• Adeno: gland
• Adrenals: adreno
• Gonads: gonado
• Pineal: pineal
• Pituitary: pituito
• Thyroid: thyroid, thyro

Reproductive system:

• Testes: orcho, orchio, orchid, testiculo
• Ovaries: ovary, oophor
• Uterus: hysteron, metro, metri, metrio, utero

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Muscle movement

Adduction: toward the midline

Abduction: away from midline

Extension: straightening a joint, increase angle between two bones

Flexion: closure of joint angle or reduction of the angle between two bones

Hyperflexion/hyperextension: flexed or extended too far

Supination: rotating limb/body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward: e.g., upward cupped hand

Pronation: rotating limb or body part so that palmar surface is turned downward

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Number Values

1: uni, mono

2: duo, bi, dyo

3: tri

4: quadic, quadro, tetr, tetra

5: quinqu, quint, pent, penta

6: sex, hex, hexa

7: sept, septi, hept, hepta

8: octo, oct, octa

9: novem, nonus, ennea

10: deca, decem, dek, deka

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Abbreviations:

ac: before meals (ante cibum)

ad lib: as much as desired (ad libitum)

ANS: autonomic nervous system

bid: twice daily (bis in die)

cal: calorie

cap: capsule

cc: cubic centimeter (same as mL)

cm: centimeter

CNS: central nervous system

ED: effective dose

g: gram

gal: gallon

GI: gastrointestinal

hr: hour

ID: intradermal

IM: intramuscular

IU: International unit

IU/L: international units per liter

IV: intravenous

kg: kilogram

LOC: level of consciousness

mg: milligram

m: meter

MED: minimal effective dose

mg: milligram

mm: millimeter

NPO: nothing by mouth (non per os)

NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

OTC: over the counter

oz: ounce

pc: after meals (post cibumP)

PD: polydipsia

pH: acidity and alkalinity measurement

PM: postmortem

PNS: peripheral nervous system

PO/po: orally (per os)

P r n: as needed

PU: polyuria

q: every

qd: every day

qh: every hour

q4h: every 4 hours

qid: four times daily (quarter in die)

qn: every night

qod/eod: every other day

qp: as much as desired

qt: quart

RBC: red blood cell

sid: once daily (q24h is more common for once daily

sig: let it be written as (used when writing prescriptions)

soln: solution

SQ/SC: subcutaneous

T: tablespoon/ tablet/ temperature

tid: three times daily (ter in die)

tsp: teaspoon

vol: volume

WBC: white blood cell

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Organizations:

AAV: Association of Avian Veterinarians

ABA: American Birding Assn.

ABC: American Bird Conservancy

AOU: Amer. Ornithologists’ Union

NAS: Nat’l Audubon Society

WWF: World Wildlife Fund.html

Glossary of Avian Medical Terms – Prefixes and Suffixes

Main Article: Avian Medical Terms by Jeannine Miesle, MA, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians

Prefixes:

A, an, ana: without, no

Ab: away from

Ad: toward

Aer/Aero: oxygen/air

Adipo: fat

Anem: blood condition

Anti: against

Auto: self, within

Blephar: eyellids

Chezein: feces

Copr: feces

Chrome/chromo: color

Cyan: blue discoloration

Cyto: cell

Dys: bad, painful, difficult

Ecto: outside

Endo: inside, within

Epi: above

Eu: good, easy, normal

Ex,exo: without, out of, outside, away from

Extra: outside

Hetero: other, dissimilar

Histo: tissue

Homo- Same

Hyper: more than normal

Hypo: less than normal

Illi: hip

Infra: below, beneath

Inter: between

Intra: within

Isch: to hold back

Karyo-nucleus

Leu/leuko: white

Leio/lio: smooth

Lipid/lipo: fat

Meso: middle

Meta: beyond

Myco: fungus

Myelo: bone marrow, where body makes cells

Myxo: mucous, slime

Neo: new

Oligo: scant, little

Onco: tumor, mass

Onycho: nails

Pan: all

Para: alongside, associated with, closely resembling true form, beyond, outside of, faulty, irregular, abnormal, accessory to, against, apart from

Per: throughout

Peri: around, before, during, after

Phagia: eat, swallow

Poly: many, excessive

Pre: before

Post: after

Proprio: owns own

Sub: beneath, below, nearly, almost, under, less

Super, supra: above, beyond, excessive

Thelo: nipple, thin membrane

Thymo: thymus, mind, soul, emotions

Tono: tone, tension

Trans: across

Ultra: above, increased, more than normal

Vaso: vessel or duct, circulatory

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“Pertaining To” suffixes, “as in”

-ac: cardiac, heart

-al: renal, kidney

-an: ovarian, ovary

-ar: lumbar, lower back

-are: alimentary, GI track

-eal: laryngeal, larynx

-ic: enteric, intestines

-ous: skin

-tic: nephrotic, kidneys

-prandial: a meal

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Suffixes:

-algia: pain

-ase: enzyme ending

-blast: immature stage in cellular development before appearance of definitive characteristics of the cell;

-centesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid or gas

-cyte: cell -dynia: pain

-ectasis: distending, stretching

-ectomy: surgical procedure to remove organ

-emia: blood condition

-gram: record of

-graph: recording instrument

-graphy: written, studied about, recording procedure

-iasis: parasite infestation; name preceeds suffix, e.g., trichomoniasis

-itis: inflammation

-lith: body or mass

-lithiasis: presence of stones

-lysis: break down, loosen, decomposition

-logy: study of

-malacia: abnormal softening

-megaly: enlargement

-mycin: substance derived from bacteria

-oma: tumor, neoplasm, or specific tissue which precedes suffix, e.g., lipomas, fatty tumor

-ometry: measurement

-osis:/otic: increased number, abnormal actions, conditions or states, disorders

-osis: disease caused by organism whose name precedes it, e.g., salmonellosis

-pathy: disease or condition of

-penia: deficiency, reduced number

-pexy: suture to stabilize, e.g., gastropexy: suture to abdominal wall

-philia: attraction for, increased numbers

-plasia: formation, development, growth of tissue and cell numbers; change is size or tissue and cells; describes problems with tissue formation

-plasty: surgical repairs, e.g., rhinoplasty, repair of nose

-poietic/poiesis: formation

-ptosis: drooping, dropping down, e.g., prolapsis

-rrhage/rrhagia: bursting forth

-rrhaphy: to suture

-rrhea: flow, discharge

-rrhexis: rupture

-sclerosis: abnormal hardening

-scope: procedure to visually examine

-stomy: incision, cut into

-thymia: condition of the mind

-trophy: formation, development, increase in size of tissue

-tropic: having an affinity for or attraction to

-um: structure

-uro,-uria: of urinary tract, urine’

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NEED A VET?

USA: Find Your Local Avian Veterinarian

by Jeannine Miesle, MA Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians

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Index of Bird Diseases … Symptoms and Potential Causes … Bird Species and Diseases They are Most Susceptible to

Avian (Bird) Anatomy – Images of Bird Skeletal System by Jeannine

Main Article: Avian Medical Terms / Health & Diseases by Jeannine Miesle, MA, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians …

Avian Anatomy Image Gallery (NOTE: Some of the images / illustrations on this and linked pages may be too graphic for young audiences. We recommend parental supervision and approval.)

• Skeletal System (scroll down) … Feathers & Skin  …  Cloaca and Bursa of Fabricus … Muscles and Tendons, Feather Piloerection
• Bird Head & Beak  … Bird Eye / Ear Anatomy / Sensory Perception … Bird Brain & Nervous System
• Respiratory System  … Bird Reproductive Organs … Bird Digestive System  … Circulatory System – Blood & Heart … Glands … Liver & Kidneys /  Surgical Instruments
• Cells, Genetics & DNA … Wound Healing

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

Long bone anatomy https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/introduction-to-bone/

Long bone anatomy

Metaphysis https://fairviewmnhs.org/Patient-Education/Articles/English/p/e/d/i/a/Pediatric\_Skeletal\_Growth\_89080

and

https://drawittoknowit.com/course/gross-anatomy/glossary/gross-anatomic-microscopic-structure/bone-anatomy

Network of trabiculae Internal Anatomy of a long bone with trabiculae, medullary bone https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/13-4-structure-of-bone/

Skeleton of a bird https://veteriankey.com/basic-avian-anatomy-and-physiology/

Bones of the Wing and Shoulder https://www.pinterest.com/pin/503277327093711879/ and https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155303887213987672

Furcula, Top arrow; Keel bone, bottom arrow https://slideplayer.com/slide/9208738/

Coracoid Bone http://vireo.ansp.org/bird\_academy/bird\_glossary.html

Synsacrum http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/skeleton.html

Thoracic vertebrae or notarium https://birdsofseabrook.app.clemson.edu/topics/skeleton.html

Parrot / Bird Leg and Foot anatomy By Darekk2 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30700010

Bird Wing: Alula, phalanges, metacarpals https://www.researchgate.net/

ALULA BONES featheredphotography.com/blog/2013/03/23/the-alula-bastard-wing-of-a-kestrel-in-flight/

Cross-section of a hollow (pneumatic) bird bone showing trabiculae http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bird+bones&view=detailv2&&&id=91B06AEE2221B40D551E5A4041A 227A014E3973F&selectedIndex=15&ccid=E4G0jcob&simid=607992470008564468&thid=JN.617wTVIMlXkNb wGSNBbw0Q&ajaxhist=0

Humerus and femur—long bones which are filled with air http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bird+wing+bones+Lafebervet.com&view=detailv2&&&id=715D34A6FE 156158ADE844225CF340031C18DBB9&selectedIndex=596&ccid=9Hr8ndae&simid=608035411092899959&t hid=JN.ys86xutpyZTflZGguXXrWg&ajaxhist=0

Keel bone http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bird+keel+bone&view=detailv2&&&id=BD09F2AD14BA4565A5D117D2F577D202 31C051D6&selectedIndex=137&ccid=bFqQUfvD&simid=608018458822184003&thid=HN.608018458822184003

Bone Condyles on human knee http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=condyle&view=detailv2&&&id=70682F4759035E7A7E0537B11673231 F801A44EF&selectedIndex=59&ccid=XjCqX3Tn&simid=608040861387195128&thid=JN.HB9j0VqWpn+Apr/fd cVtkg

Fracture types http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bird+glottis&view=detailv2&&&id=19F36453DEA8572015FDD0ED95C 7EAEC41AE09CD&selectedIndex=0&ccid=ogpWS2Ug&simid=608004298336109970&thid=JN.DAtJUsry08c% 2fjgBQEtA7%2fw&ajaxhist=0

Exostosis http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=exostosis&view=detailv2&&&id=48DF5CE376D8189A333F53F3AA297A950FA16 19C&selectedIndex=2&ccid=Wt0Ku6py&simid=607997812942834644&thid=JN.qKywVta8Hcw9rdqU4on3Rg&ajaxhist=0

Involucrum in bone http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=involucrum&view=detailv2&&qpvt=involucrum&id=4741E54CC1CFE06 448E9E33A49BC6A6C6FF91F53&selectedIndex=1&ccid=Mbh3WhMe&simid=607988591657748536&thid=JN .fiakvC375hG34%2fU1M7kINw&ajaxhist=0

Zygodactyl foot numbering and Hallux toe http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=zygodactyl+bird+feet&view=detailv2&&&id=8B485B4B625C74DC5D17990450BC 3C6062611170&selectedIndex=0&ccid=KKOk2N3z&simid=608021873345956061&thid=JN.xQoKMos3%2fS3D043UUz% 2blkw&ajaxhist=0 1 is the Hallux toe

Avian (Bird) Anatomy – Images of Cloaca and Bursa of Fabricus

Main Article: Avian Medical Terms / Health & Diseases by Jeannine Miesle, MA, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians …

Avian Anatomy Image Gallery (NOTE: Some of the images / illustrations on this and linked pages may be too graphic for young audiences. We recommend parental supervision and approval.)

• Skeletal System … Feathers & Skin  …  Cloaca and Bursa of Fabricus (scroll down)… Muscles and Tendons, Feather Piloerection
• Bird Head & Beak  … Bird Eye / Ear Anatomy / Sensory Perception … Bird Brain & Nervous System
• Respiratory System  … Bird Reproductive Organs … Bird Digestive System  … Circulatory System – Blood & Heart … Glands … Liver & Kidneys /  Surgical Instruments
• Cells, Genetics & DNA … Wound Healing

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CLOACA AND BURSA OF FABRICUS

Compartments of the cloaca From Manual of Ornithology, Porter and Lynch

Bursa of Fabricus http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bursa+of+fabricius&view=detailv2&&qpvt=bursa+of+fabricius&id=8CA6 A086DF1DD9D20845068B4977CF86D213FF2C&selectedIndex=4&ccid=UUSbFbP0&simid=60799124163664 4044&thid=JN.BU2QCMn5ANSNr5DdhgoT1g&ajaxhist=0

Cloacal prolapse http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cloaca+in+birds&view=detailv2&&&id=06A71A5940A86522809F57674 CB6316EEC97532E&selectedIndex=0&ccid=t/Fh3NfN&simid=608019408007463541&thid=HN.60801940800

Cloacal papilloma http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bird+glottis&view=detailv2&&&id=19F36453DEA8572015FDD0ED95C 7EAEC41AE09CD&selectedIndex=0&ccid=ogpWS2Ug&simid=608004298336109970&thid=JN.DAtJUsry08c% 2fjgBQEtA7%2fw&ajaxhist=0

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Avian (Bird) Anatomy – Images of Cells, Genetics and DNA by Jeannine

Main Article: Avian Medical Terms / Health & Diseases by Jeannine Miesle, MA, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians …

Avian Anatomy Image Gallery (NOTE: Some of the images / illustrations on this and linked pages may be too graphic for young audiences. We recommend parental supervision and approval.)

• Skeletal System … Feathers & Skin  …  Cloaca and Bursa of Fabricus … Muscles and Tendons, Feather Piloerection
• Bird Head & Beak  … Bird Eye / Ear Anatomy / Sensory Perception … Bird Brain & Nervous System
• Respiratory System  … Bird Reproductive Organs … Bird Digestive System  … Circulatory System – Blood & Heart … Glands … Liver & Kidneys and Surgical Instruments
• Cells, Genetics & DNA (scroll down) … Wound Healing

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Cells, Genetics & DNA

Apoptosis http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=apoptosis&view=detailv2&&qpvt=apoptosis&id=87DD6D34BBDD0E10 4CDD77C8998C91A5B5229CF2&selectedIndex=12&ccid=01p%2flKkF&simid=608035728922906593&thid=J N.YtSu9Vh%2fPnM8GFT31ZI7pg&ajaxhist=0

Difference between apoptosis and necrosis http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=apoptosis&view=detailv2&&&id=A9A1C49CA87AA1F93B434602D093 5421FB0C53EE&selectedIndex=111&ccid=7UoD0jTW&simid=608035578594593976&thid=JN.P9LqD39CSqg ZSCvV3cIxgA&ajaxhist=0 85

Cell structure and mitochondria http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=mitochondria+diagram&view=detailv2&&&id=D8C8767F423E6634DA1BFCEB311 8C96A6F38DCAE&selectedIndex=54&ccid=GMf4v0Ov&simid=608004757919108313&thid=JN.sBGxVCEMe3oOmSEy16 Kp7A&ajaxhist=0

Mast Cells and allergy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast\_cell#/media/File:Mast\_cells.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast\_cell

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Avian (Bird) Anatomy – Images of Bird Glands by Jeannine Miesle

Main Article: Avian Medical Terms / Health & Diseases by Jeannine Miesle, MA, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians …

Avian Anatomy Image Gallery (NOTE: Some of the images / illustrations on this and linked pages may be too graphic for young audiences. We recommend parental supervision and approval.)

• Skeletal System … Feathers & Skin  …  Cloaca and Bursa of Fabricus … Muscles and Tendons, Feather Piloerection
• Bird Head & Beak  … Bird Eye / Ear Anatomy / Sensory Perception … Bird Brain & Nervous System
• Respiratory System  … Bird Reproductive Organs … Bird Digestive System  … Circulatory System – Blood & Heart … Glands (scroll down)… Liver & Kidneys and Surgical Instruments
• Cells, Genetics & DNA … Wound Healing

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GLANDS

Uropygial gland

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=uropygial+gland&view=detailv2&&&id=AF0995C88492FF77F9B47965 0D9D5BEA2A77DCC3&selectedIndex=31&ccid=syWYFrYT&simid=608037897862316118&thid=JN.9%2fMG4 %2fxSTJ8qdMi0F96CSg&ajaxhist=0

Cockatiel uropygial gland. (Miesle)

Salt glands in a water bird http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=lymph+nodes+in+birds&view=detailv2&&&id=C82CB6EF3224022ACAB74597FC DC70D21106BAC1&selectedIndex=10&ccid=mR9Xfcfr&simid=608052092744174147&thid=JN.gMK%2fx8gj15QF0GyH5 6083w&ajaxhist=0 92

Salt glands and ducts http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/44\_07BirdSaltExcretGlands.jpg

Jeannine Miesle

Jeannine Miesle, M.A., M.Ed, Allied Member, Association of Avian Veterinarians is an important contributor to Beauty of Birds. Jeannine has done considerable writing, proofreading and editing for journals and newsletters over the years. She had taught English and music in the schools and presently is an organist at Bethany Church in West Chester, Ohio. She also administrates a Facebook group, The Science of Avian Health.

Jeannine takes in rescued cockatiels and presently has twelve birds. When they come to her they remain as part of her flock.

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